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    • 专利摘要:
    apparatus for measuring thermodynamic properties of reservoir fluids, and method for measuring thermodynamic properties of reservoir fluids.
    公开号:BR112013004490B1
    申请号:R112013004490-0
    申请日:2011-05-17
    公开日:2019-02-12
    发明作者:Anil Singh；Kurt Schmidt；Brian Abbott；Robert Schroeder；Eric Donzier
    申请人:Schlumberger Holdings Limited；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    APPLIANCE TO MEASURE FLUID THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES
    RESERVOIR, AND METHOD FOR MEASURING PROPERTIES
    RESERVOIR FLUID THERMODYNAMICS
    BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
    In many applications in oil fields, fluid samples from the reservoir are collected and thermodynamic studies and / or other studies are performed to obtain the desired information about an underground reservoir. Thermodynamic studies involve measuring the 10 thermodynamic properties of fluids in the reservoir by analyzing the phase behavior and / or sample validation.
    The phase behavior of the reservoir fluids can be characterized using a plurality of types of apparatus. Generally, these devices are in the form of pressure-holding containers capable of withstanding high temperatures and pressures. Pressure retention vessels or cells use either mercury or pistons (in the case of mercury-free cells), to transmit pressure to the fluid sample through some type of displacement pump or mechanical drive. In mercury cells the immiscibility of mercury with the sample is explored to simplify the design, and no piston is needed to transmit the pressure
    Mercury has several obvious disadvantages and over the past few years the industry has generally tended to move away from such projects. In mercury-free cells, pressure is transmitted over the fluid sample via a float piston. The piston, in turn, is driven / moved mechanically or hydraulically.
    Pressure retention cells are generally a blind type and pressure and in cooperation with the volume of the visual type or for measuring the can work and / or sensors to measure the phase, saturation pressures, the sensor or visually by an external auxiliary equipment together with the cells to be configured with temperature sensors. The cells also have instruments for measuring total sample, volumes and other parameters, or with operator. In some cases, the can be configured to make additional measurements, such as density and viscosity, in which case a larger volume of liquid sample is required to make the additional measurements. Often, the outdoor equipment can be operated autonomously to make these measurements independent of the cell. The cells may have some mechanism to allow a sample to be extracted during the experiment, under conditions of equilibrium through, for example, a sampling valve.
    In addition to pressure management and experimental measurement sensors, the devices may have some type of thermal management system for temperature control, for example, ovens or heating blankets / jackets. The balance cell can also work in cooperation with a mechanism for stirring the sample. This is done to speed up the equilibrium process and, consequently, increase experimental efficiency. The types of agitation mechanisms include magnetically coupled mechanical impeller mixers, simple swing mechanisms (with or without mixing rings), circulation pumps and ultrasonic transducers.
    Balance cells are often designed specifically for the type of fluid being studied. For example, it is common to use a conical piston for the study of gas condensates and a flat piston for oils. The conical pistons are used because the amount of liquid left from the gas condensates is very small and by the use of conical pistons the capacity of the device to measure small volumes is enhanced.
    Another trend to increase the study of gas condensates is the use of equilibrium cells, with larger volumes than those used for oil studies. The reason is that the larger the sample volume, the greater the liquid dropout volume, which increases the probability of being within the measurement resolution of the instruments. One of the main drawbacks of these larger cells is the requirement for a larger sample volume.
    Density and viscosity measurements can be performed by other equipment external to the main cell, for example, the cell
    PVT (pressure-volume temperature), or by incorporating a densitometer or viscometer viscometer inside the device.
    A common form of embedded in the cell uses one and the most common form of a densitometer tube technique is that of a capillary, densitometer based vibration technique.
    made by
    Austria. These devices in one
    An example of such a
    Anton Paar GmbH from Graz, measurement requires the sample to be drained / pushed through the viscometer or densitometer and, as such, requires substantial sample volume to flow through the sensor for measurement and to wash / clean the sensors. These through-flow sensors have sample equipment.
    For many inconveniences, relatively large volumes and device types measure interface to be in a saturation and including gas-liquid requirement to interface a volume footprint of most gas-liquid.
    it is formed as a result of the phase envelope region below having the gas and liquid gas layers stratified inside that of the gas phase and the phase of the cell body.
    It is important in balance. Stratification will occur naturally, but this can take several hours, days or weeks depending on the fluid system. In order to increase experimental efficiency, agitation is used to significantly reduce the time required to reach equilibrium in the order of seconds or minutes. This requires that the gas-liquid contact area is maximized, sufficient gas-liquid retention time, and the movement of both phases for mass diffusion between the phases to be maximized at a given temperature and pressure.
    When equilibrium is reached, the mass transfer of the individual components in each of the respective phases becomes zero. This is due to the conditions of thermodynamic equilibrium, where the temperature and pressure of each phase are identical and the potential chemicals or fugacity of each component in each phase also become equal. A stirring or mixing technique is the standard technique used to decrease approach times to equilibrium, the most effective being the recirculation from one phase to another. Agitation systems are varied, and include magnetically driven rings / pistons / mixing devices, single cell balance, a combination of rings and pistons / mixing and balance devices, magnetically coupled impeller mixers, magnetic stirrers, static mixers, mixers of orifice, circulation pumps, and ultrasonic stirrers (externally mounted types of plug-in or direct transducer contact).
    In any case, existing devices lack sufficient sensor capacities or combinations of sensor capacities to allow for sufficient phase behavior and sample validation studies of reservoir fluids.
    BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
    In general, the present invention provides an apparatus and method related to determining the thermodynamic properties of fluids in the reservoir. The technique uses a modular sensor set designed to analyze a sample of a hydrocarbon-containing fluid within the cell body. A variety of sensors can be selectively placed in communication with the sample chamber inside the cell body to assess the sample at potentially high pressures and temperatures. For example, the sensors may comprise a unique density-viscosity sensor located in-situ to efficiently measure the sample's density and viscosity as a function of pressure and temperature. Other sensors, such as an optical sensor and / or a pressure-temperature sensor, can also be positioned to measure sample parameters while the sample is held in the sample chamber.
    BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
    Some embodiments of the invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which reference numbers which indicate equal elements
    Figure 1 is a schematic illustration of an example of a modular sensor assembly according to an embodiment of the present invention.
    Figure 2 is a schematic illustration of the modular sensor assembly with support components, according to an embodiment of the present invention.
    A schematic illustration of a portion of the modular sensor assembly is shown, according to an embodiment of the present invention.
    modality portion
    Figure 4 is another joint illustration of the modular sensor, of the present invention.
    schematic according to one with a
    Figure 5 is a schematic illustration showing the operation of the modular sensor assembly, according to an embodiment of the present invention.
    The Figure is a graph showing a generalized phase envelope for a fluid reservoir plotting pressure versus temperature.
    Figure 7 is a graph that shows the spectral response of a fluid sample through an optical sensor.
    Figure 8 is a schematic illustration of the optical sensor showing the detection of a liquid gas interface.
    Figure 9 is a graph showing the spectral response of the optical sensor in Figure 8 illustrating the detection
    of a interface in gas -liquid for a sample of fluid.The figure 10 is a graph showing the curves volume relative in an sample of fluid. The figure 11 is a graph showing the curves
    volume / liquid phase saturation volume of a fluid sample.
    Figure 12 is another example of a fluid phase envelope plotting pressure as a function of temperature.
    Figure 13 is a schematic illustration showing a general workflow for processing a sample of a hydrocarbon-based fluid, according to an embodiment of the present invention.
    Figure 14 is a schematic illustration showing a data and signal flow in general when processing a sample of a hydrocarbon-based fluid from
    wake up with a modality of the present invention. Figure 15 is an schematic illustration in other example of a set in modular sensor, according to a alternative modality gives present invention. Figure 16 is an schematic illustration in other example of a set in modular sensor, according to a alternative modality gives present invention. Figure 17 is an schematic illustration in other
    example of a modular sensor assembly, according to an alternative embodiment of the present invention.
    Figure 18 is a schematic illustration of another example of a modular sensor assembly, according to an alternative embodiment of the present invention.
    Figure 19 is a schematic illustration of another example of a modular sensor assembly, according to an alternative embodiment of the present invention.
    Figure 20 is a schematic illustration of another example of a modular sensor assembly, according to an alternative embodiment of the present invention.
    Figure 21 is a schematic illustration of another example of a modular sensor assembly, according to an alternative embodiment of the present invention.
    Figure 22 is a schematic illustration of another example of a modular sensor assembly, according to an alternative embodiment of the present invention.
    Figure 23 is a schematic illustration of another example of a modular sensor assembly, according to an alternative embodiment of the present invention.
    Figure 24 is a schematic illustration of another example of a modular sensor assembly, according to an alternative embodiment of the present invention.
    Figure 25 is a schematic illustration of another example of a modular sensor assembly, according to an alternative embodiment of the present invention.
    Figure 26 is a schematic illustration of another
    example in a set in modular sensor, according with an modality alternative gives present invention. THE Figure 27 is an schematic illustration of another example in a set in modular sensor, according with an modality alternative gives present invention. THE Figure 28 is an schematic illustration of another example in a set in modular sensor, according with an modality alternative gives present invention. THE Figure 29 is an schematic illustration of another example in a set in modular sensor, according with an modality alternative gives the present invention; and THE Figure 30 is an schematic illustration of another example in a set in modular sensor, according with an modality alternative gives present invention.
    DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
    In the description that follows, numerous details are presented to provide an understanding of the present invention. However, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention can be practiced without these details and that numerous variations and modifications of the described modalities may be possible.
    The present invention relates to a method and a system that increases the overall quality of service and the quality of data with respect to the measurement and analysis of fluid samples from the reservoir. A variety of components are selectively integrated into a modular set to simplify the actions involved in measuring and analyzing reservoir fluid samples. As a result, the reservoir fluid analysis process is more reliable and reproducible during many or all phases of the procedure. The system is also easily transportable to well locations and other desired locations.
    As described herein, the invention relates to an apparatus for measuring fluid thermodynamic properties, for example, pressure-volume of reservoir fluids for studies of phase behavior and / or sample validation. These fluids can be obtained from a well, from a well-bottom sampling tool, or from surface equipment, for example, a separator.
    Existing through-flow sensors have the main disadvantages of the relatively large equipment footprint and sample volume requirements. However, the modalities of the modular sensor assembly described here overcome these disadvantages, for example, by incorporating a unique density-viscosity sensor as an integral part of the device, thus reducing the sample volume requirement and reducing the equipment footprint. Reduced sample volume is preferred as samples, especially those captured from the bottom, are expensive to obtain and are often only available in limited quantities.
    Therefore, the present embodiments of the present invention can generally perform further tests, from a limited sample. In addition, by reducing the equipment footprint, the set becomes more portable and more suitable for implantation at the well site, especially offshore well sites, where space is limited. The reduced footprint also means that equipment can be easily shipped from location to location, whether on land or at sea, at minimal cost. The modalities described here can also be designed to eliminate the need to perform additional and separate tests, such as English vapor-liquid balance experiments for separation tests (for separator release tests for e / or constant volume depletion tests (constant volume depletion, CVD).
    use together with pressures and temperatures plus normal test systems. In many of the modular sensors and are designed for higher than these applications, including high pressure and high temperature applications, the hydrocarbon fluid sample is agitated to recombine the sample fluid from multiple phases in a single phase to pressures higher than the saturation pressure. The modular sensor assembly described herein may incorporate an integral stirrer mechanism designed to stir the fluid sample under high pressure and temperature.
    Sample shaking is desired in many applications at about the saturation point, after
    microbubbles / microgrooves be formed in places in nucleation and begin to grow up due, for example, The diffusion. 0 ideal agitator should cause the growth in
    bubbles / droplets to shear / separate and form smaller bubbles / droplets, thus increasing the total surface area and, therefore, the gas-liquid contact area. As these bubbles / droplets grow, the ideal stirrer should continuously shear / break the larger bubbles / droplets and also create a general flow circulation of the bubbles / droplets to avoid areas of low concentration gradients, therefore, diffusion rates of smaller masses. In liquid systems, the circulation of the ideal stirrer allows gas bubbles to move more quickly to the surface forming the interface than purely depending on the buoyancy effect. In the case of droplets, the ideal agitator causes them to fall to the bottom of the cell (top of the interface) much more quickly than the dependence on gravity alone. At the same time, and on the interface surface, the circulation of the continuous flow causes the gas phase to recirculate to the liquid phase, or vice versa, thus allowing the stratified phases to come into contact with each other and allowing a greater contact surface area between the phases, which facilitates a faster diffusion process. This can be extended to the phase recombination as well. The stirring technique and an integrated stirring mechanism described below allow you to optimize the desired stirring of the fluid sample. For example, the agitator mechanism may comprise an ultrasonic transducer that minimizes dead volume and is easily incorporated into a cell body of the modular sensor assembly.
    The modalities described here provide a modular sensor set in the form of an automated, mobile and modular device using new sensor technologies for studies of phase behavior and validation of samples of reservoir fluids. The modular portable device is intended for use at the well site, on land and at sea, mobile laboratory or permanent onshore laboratory locations. It can be used as a device
    independent or together with other equipment in fluid analysisIn s i s t e modular.but of technique previous , density and
    Viscosity was generally measured by separate specialized devices, such as a vibration tube apparatus or gravimetric technique for density and a drop body apparatus for viscosity. In DL and / or ST studies, the density of the coexisting liquid phase (liquid phase below the saturation pressure) was normally a calculated property and not a measured property. The viscosity of the coexisting liquid phases was often measured in a separate experiment with a separate charge from the fluid. In such a case, the DL and / or ST study was replicated and, subsequently, the fluid loaded into the viscometer. These properties can also be measured in different ELV studies, when a fresh sample is loaded into the cell and then the coexisting liquid and vapor phases are sampled and the density, viscosity and composition are measured. The data from
    ELVs, depending on the particular fluid, often did not correspond to the DL test data,
    CVD or ST exactly, but the data from these VLE tests were still used in the English adjustment equation for equation of state, EOS). Again, these tests were difficult to perform and consumed large amounts of sample volume and time. Depending on the operator's experience, the results often had varying degrees of error associated with them.
    In contrast, the embodiments of the present invention incorporate a combined density and viscosity sensor in situ to measure the densities and viscosities of the liquid phase and the two coexisting liquid phases (but not limited only to the liquid phase) as a function of pressure and temperature. The integration of the combined density and viscosity sensor inside the apparatus and the experimental workflow eliminates the need to use separate pieces of equipment and sampling loads for these external pieces of experimental equipment uncertainty, thereby reducing and also reducing the total volume consumption of the equipment. sample. Liquid samples are expensive to obtain and, therefore, minimizing the quantities used for the test has direct benefits, such as the availability of more samples for repeatability studies, more availability for a larger set of tests, and the collection of small samples. sample quantities (directly related to cost).
    The drawbacks with existing techniques for making density and viscosity measurements during a phase balance experiment include: an increased sample volume and an experimental workflow that is more complicated, as the fluid usually has to flow more complex when the whole new to make fluid is the fluid in the sensors must measurement conditions and be a measurement. It is in two stages, because the rebalanced sensor must be washed carefully to ensure that the fluid sample is representative of the crude liquid phase (thus consuming more sample volume). The present modular sensor set overcomes these issues and has a very simple experimental workflow.
    For example, it is highly autonomous and can be controlled using a processor-based control, such as a microcomputer. This approach requires minimal operator input. Through automation, the modalities of the present invention ensure high quality, reproducible results that are largely independent of the operator's experience.
    Another advantageous feature of the present modular sensor set and a technique that can be incorporated into the modular system is a new high pressure and high temperature optical sensor. The high pressure and high temperature optical sensor can be used to make the bubbling point, dew point, gas-liquid interface measurements and / or other measurements using optical and dispersion spectroscopy techniques. The construction of the optical sensor avoids some of the disadvantages with round sealing or cylindrical windows, and working in conjunction with the entire device allows all typical visual measurements made by an operator, in cells of the visual type, to be replaced by this sensor that allows automation. The optical sensor is designed to improve its sensitivity for detecting fine dew mists and small bubbles in the interrogation volume. Wavelengths and optical path lengths are optimized to allow the detection of bubbles and gas-liquid interfaces even with dark crude hydrocarbons.
    The modular design of the modalities of the present invention also allows different configurations, cell geometries, and sensors to be used for studies of different types of fluids. Reservoir fluids show different behaviors (oil and gas condensates) in phase characterization studies. In addition, the properties of the fluids to be measured have a wide range. The ability to reconfigure equipment and / or replace sensors to adjust to the specific fluid type reduces experimental uncertainty. Sensor physics and sensitivities can vary for oils and gas condensates, therefore making it difficult, if not impossible, to use a single sensor that can maintain a high degree of accuracy for all types of reservoir fluids. The sensors and ranges, for very high precision measurements, can be customized for the fluid, depending on whether it is an oil or a gas condensate. The modular sensor assembly is part of a modular hardware and software system used to ensure high quality and consistent quality analysis.
    The set can be used for other studies, in addition to phase balance studies, with little or no modification. For example, the modular set can be used for sample validation purposes. In addition, the modular sensor assembly can be used in conjunction with other modules. Validation tests typically measure or look for water, sand and other levels of contamination. In some applications, the validation test may incorporate analysis techniques that are important in flow assurance studies, such as studies of early precipitation of wax and asphaltene.
    With reference generally to Figures 1 to 4, an embodiment of an apparatus for measuring the thermodynamic properties of fluids in the reservoir is illustrated as a modular sensor assembly 50. The modular sensor assembly 50 comprises a cell body 52 constructed, for example, of a material resistant to corrosive fluids from the well, for example, water, hydrogen sulfide, and resistant to embrittlement and / or cracking, with the ability to withstand high pressures, for example, 1380 bar minimum, and high temperatures, for example 200 ° C minimum. The cell body 52 can be manufactured from a single piece of stock bar with sealing grooves 54 and threaded end connections 56 at each end, in order to receive end caps 58.
    The ends of the cell body 52 can be closed with threaded end caps 58.
    Alternatively, end caps 58 can be screwed onto the cell body 52 with a sealing groove. Threads or screws are designed to withstand pressure and temperature loads. End caps 58 can be sealed over cell body 52 using an elastomeric seal or other groove seal 54. End caps 58 can also be used to seal extended housing portions 60 and 62 which are arranged through the respective ends of the cell body 52 for cooperation with a pressure and temperature sensor 64 and a stirring / sensor mechanism 66, such as like an ultrasonic transducer. The pressure and temperature sensor 64 can be combined with an upper piston 68, and an ultrasonic transducer 66 can be in the form of, or integrated with a lower piston 70. It should be noted that the upper piston 68 and / or lower piston 70 can incorporate the pressure and temperature sensor or ultrasonic transducer.
    The cell body 52 is separated into an upper chamber 72 and a lower chamber 74 which are connected by a narrow flow passage 76. The internal surfaces in the upper and lower chambers 72, 74 of the cell body 52 are finished to the appropriate specifications to seal with an elastomeric seal or other seal. The cell body region 52 around the narrow flow path 76 is profiled to accommodate a special optical sensor 78, a single, combined density-viscosity sensor 80, and a loading opening 82, which may have a loading valve. zero dead volume 84 (see Figure 2 and Figure 3). The zero dead volume load valve 84 can take a variety of shapes. Examples include valves available from the laboratory
    CENERG-TEP of
    ENSMP (Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris).
    loading valve can also be constructed to function as a sampling valve.
    In the illustrated embodiment, the flow path can be of round, rectangular or square cross section, and designed specifically for the efficient and proper functioning of the optical sensor 78 and the density density sensor 80. The surface finish of this narrow path can be smooth or specially designed to optimize the performance of optical sensor 78 and density-viscosity sensor (for densityviscosity, DV) 80. Loading opening 82 can be machined or otherwise formed in the cell body 52 for the purpose of load and unload cell contents.
    The agitator mechanism 66, for example, ultrasonic transducer, is used to agitate the sample both to decrease the time for equilibration during phase separation and to quickly recombine the sample from two phases, gas and liquid, for a homogeneous mixture of single phase. The principle of ultrasonic agitation, used in the chemical industry and in various laboratory equipment, is used to ensure balance, causing circulation within the cell, so that the gas and liquid phases within the cell are continually brought into contact to ensure that mass diffusion is maximized, thereby decreasing the time required for equilibrium phase separation or recombination for a homogeneous single phase mixture. In this application, the transducer is under extreme pressures and temperatures and is therefore purposely built and optimized for this test and measurement application. The power, frequency and duty cycle can also be optimized for the application and the different types of fluids studied. This implies that, depending on the fluid, a different power, frequency and duty cycle can be used.
    The integrated pressure and temperature sensor 64 can be in the form of a modified meter for use in downhole applications, such as quartz, microsapphire or SOI type (silicon on insulator, in the acronym in English for sil.icon on insulator) . The temperature portion of sensor 64 can be a high precision RTD (Resistance Temperature Detector), or equivalent. Components 64 and 66 are specially designed integrated designs that can be coupled to or integrally
    formed with the top and bottom pistons 68, 70, respectively, in the body of cell 52. In the example illustrated, the pressure and temperature sensor 64 and the transducer ultrasonic 66 are not placed in any recess of piston structure, instead, they form the piston in an integrated component design.0 meter housing is specifically machined
    for the purpose of integrating all of these functions into a one-piece design. The wet components of sensor 64 / transducer 66, which are exposed to pressure and temperature, are hermetically sealed. In addition, sealing grooves 86 are used to seal components
    64, 66 on the cell body 52 using an elastomeric seal or other suitable seal. The dual function sensor and piston (eg sensor 68 / piston 68 and transducer 66 / piston 70) enable a smaller cell design that minimizes the total cell volume, the dead cell volume, and therefore the thermal mass of the cell. In the illustrated example, the pressure and temperature sensor 64 serves as the upper piston to minimize the number of sealing interfaces, desirable because the experimental volumes and / or resolution
    The wrapper portions
    The reduction of dead volume that is dead can affect the measurement accuracy.
    extended cables 60 and 62 can serve as conduits for the electrical connections for the respective sensor 64 and ultrasonic transducer 66.
    The exposed ends 88, 90 of the extended casings 60, 62 can be sealed by a bulkhead or sealed by other means to prevent any penetration. The extended housing portion 62 can be fixed to a base plate 92 of the modular sensor assembly 50 by a fastener 94. Likewise, the extended housing portion 60 can be fixed to a piston guide plate 96, by a fastener 98 There is no pressure on ends 88 and 90. The electrical connections for auxiliary equipment used for components involving operations 64 and 66 can be made through exposed ends 88 and 90. In addition, the corresponding sealing grooves and seals 100 are used to seal the extended shells 60, 62 with respect to the corresponding end caps 58. The seals may include elastomeric seals or other suitable seals.
    In the illustrated embodiment, the cell body 52 is held by a structure which can comprise the base plate 92, a plurality of guide rods 102, an upper plate 104, cell guide plates 106, and a cell mounting bracket 108 (see Figure 2). The cell body 52 is attached to the cell mounting bracket 108 and is allowed to slide up and down along the guide rods 102 through linear bearings 110. The ultrasonic transducer 66 / lower piston 70 combination is held in place base plate structure 92. As illustrated in
    Figure 2, high precision linear
    112 can be connected to by a support to move the cell body 52 along the guide rods
    102. The structure is constructed of highly resistant material to weight or others to minimize the total weight.
    The linear drive 112 can be a commercially available unit or equivalent with, for example, micrometric resolution and precision.
    In this particular embodiment, a head of the linear encoder sensor 114 can be coupled to the combination of pressure and temperature sensor 64 / upper piston 68 by a connection holder 116 and a magnetic strip encoder 118, which can also be connected to the structure . The sensor head of encoder 114 and magnetic stripe encoder 118 can be created or selected with micrometric resolution and precision to track the position of the upper piston 68 that can move within the body of cell 52. An air driven rod lock can be connected to the piston guide plate 96 and can be attached to the guide rods 102 to keep the upper piston 68 fixed during the movement of the cell body 52. The cell body 52 and upper pressure / temperature sensor 64 / piston 68 are moved independently. As an example, piston 68 can be moved by regulating the pressure of the hydraulic fluid / flow with a hydraulic pump 120. The hydraulic pump 120 is used to supply the pressurized hydraulic fluid to the openings 122, which extend through the covers end 58 and deliver the fluid to the hydraulic chambers 124 to selectively move the desired piston or pistons. For example, hydraulic pump 120 may be a commercially available double displacement type pump with non-pulsatile or equivalent continuous flow. The openings 122 can be profiled for commercially available or equivalent high pressure fittings.
    The sealing configuration provided by sealing grooves and corresponding seals 54, 86, and 100 further subdivides the inner chamber of the cell body 52 in the upper chamber 72 and lower chamber 74. The upper chamber 72 and lower chamber 74 have a hydraulic side with the hydraulic fluid in the hydraulic fluid chambers 124 and a sample side with a fluid sample in a sample chamber 126 comprising portions of the upper chamber 72 and lower chamber 74. The sample side is formed between the upper piston 68 and piston lower 70 on both sides of the narrow channel or flow path 76. The hydraulic fluid on the hydraulic sides minimizes the pressure differential through the sealing groove 86 thereby reducing the tendency for leakage through the seals.
    This allows operation at very high pressures and temperatures. The lower end cap 58 may also have an opening 122 for the hydraulic fluid. The hydraulic fluid in the lower end cap 58 serves to minimize the differential pressure through the corresponding sealing groove 86 and also serves to reduce the pressure differential through the ultrasonic transducer 66. The sample volume on the sample side can be changed by moving the upper piston 68.
    This configuration also ensures that the fluid sample in the sample chamber 126 can come in contact with the optical sensor 78 and unique density-viscosity sensor 10 80, moving the cell body 52 and therefore the optical sensor 78 and the sensor density-viscosity 80, through the sample fluid column. The height of the liquid phase column varies according to the solubility of the gas, which for a given fluid is dependent on pressure and temperature. Thus, by moving the cell body, the sensors can be located in the region of the fluid where the measurement has to be made, for example, the interface of liquid gas, density of the liquid phase, and viscosity of the liquid phase. The relative position of the optical sensor 78 and the density-viscosity sensor 20 allows this process to be automated (see Figure 2 and Figure 3). Once the gas interface is detected, the cell body 52 can move a certain additional distance, for example, at least the separation distance between optical sensor 78 and density-viscosity sensor 80, for position the density-viscosity sensor 80 in liquid phase. This is useful in determining the properties of the liquid phase with fluids with different gas solubilities and will be operation of the modular sensor assembly 50.
    The pressure of the sample fluid in the sample chamber is controlled by the movement of the upper piston 68.
    When the cell body is in motion, it is kept fixed to maintain the sample pressure.
    The cell body can be heated to increase the sample temperature to the reservoir temperature, or to another desired temperature using a thermal management system 128.
    According to one embodiment, the thermal management system 128 includes an interior shell 130, which can be controlled to provide both heating and cooling. The inner shell 130 is designed to closely match the geometry of the cell body 52 to maximize thermal contact and maximize heat transfer to the cell body 52. The thermal management system 128 may also comprise an outer shell
    132, in the form of an insulation layer to minimize heat loss or gain from the external environment. The thermal management system 128 forms a light encapsulation thermal limit capable of maintaining the system temperature within a desired range, for example, <± 0.5 ° C, and to minimize thermal gradients along the body's length. cell 52. Heating is achieved by electrical resistance or other suitable heating mechanisms, and cooling can be achieved by circulating air, or circulating water within the inner shell 130. When the system temperature is below room temperature, an appropriate heat transfer fluid, which circulates through an external cooling or similar system, can be employed. The outer shell 132 of the thermal management system 128 maintains an external touch temperature suitable for operator safety.
    The thermal management system 128 is controlled and monitored by a processor based control system 134, for example, a microcomputer system, or other suitable control system. The control system 134 can be used to automate the sampling procedure by also controlling the movement of the pistons, for example, movement of the upper piston 68, and by obtaining data from the density-viscosity sensor 80, pressure sensor and temperature 64, optical sensor 78 and / or other system sensors. The control system 134 can also be used to control the loading and removal of the fluid sample in relation to the fluid sample chamber 126, in conjunction with the control of other components and functions of the general test and measurement process.
    With reference generally to Figures 5 and 6, an example of the general operation of the modular sensor assembly 50 is illustrated. It should be noted that the modular sensor assembly 50 can be operated in conjunction with other modules that perform other tests to, for example, ensure that the results obtained from the modular sensor assembly 50 and the general sensor system 136 are of the desired quality.
    As illustrated in Figure
    6, a generalized phase envelope for a fluid reservoir is used to illustrate how measurements are made during a typical experimental run. The basic steps of a Constant Composition Expansion experiment (Constant Composition Expansion, CCE) will be used in the subsequent discussion to explain the operation of system 136. System 136 can be used for other experiments, such as Depletion tests Constant Volume, Separator tests and Release tests
    Differential. In this example, the measurements to be made during a CCE experiment at each pressure step (constant temperature) are as follows: Single Phase Volume and Total Sample Volume, Single Phase Density, Single Phase Viscosity, Liquid Phase Volumes and Gaseous (measuring the gas-liquid interface), Density and Viscosity of the Coexisting Equilibrium Phase. Saturation pressure can also be detected by determining the pressure in the form.
    Before performing
    136, the sample is prepared as a second fluid phase an experiment with the system in a sample cylinder 138 of the general system 136 (see Figure 5). It is assumed that system 136 has been thoroughly cleaned, all sensor calibrations and the system has been checked, and the system has been tested under pressure. The fluid sample in cylinder 138 can be obtained from a downhole sampling tool or from a recombined surface wellhead separator, for example, see Figure 13. In the case of the fluid sample downhole, it is assumed that the sample transfer from the tool to the sample cylinder 138 has been validated and the sample is free of contaminants, such as sand and mud, and is within the specifications for water content . For the surface sample case, it is assumed that the sample was recombined from the separator liquid and gas phase samples and that the recombined sample was validated and is representative of the reservoir fluid to be studied. Furthermore, it is assumed that, in both cases, the sample was transferred to the sample cylinder 138, and the fluid in the sample cylinder 138 was restored to a single-phase composition homogeneous in the pressure and temperature of the
    temperature
    In this operational example, the cell body is
    moved by linear actuator 112 along the guide rods
    102 through linear bearings 110 connected to the cell guide plate
    106, so that the lower piston 70 is in position in the lower chamber 74. The upper piston 68 moved to the lower position in the upper chamber 72 by varying the pressure or volume of the hydraulic fluid on the hydraulic side of the upper chamber through the pump hydraulics
    120. The upper piston 68 is guided as guide bushings 140 and the piston guide plate 96 moves in relation to the guide rods
    102 (see sample transfer into the cell body
    52, the sample volume in chamber 126 between the upper piston and the lower piston 70 is made as small as possible, which is desirable, as described in more detail below.
    The modular sensor assembly 50 is evacuated by a vacuum pump to remove air and other contaminants from the hydraulic sides and sample sides of the upper and lower chambers 72, 74 and transfer lines 141 and 142. Air is considered a Sample contaminant and trapped air can affect the pressure and performance measurements of the system, due to its compressibility and solubility in the liquid phase. Evacuation is done via vacuum pump lines 144 and 146 which are connected to a vacuum pump via three-way valves 148 and 150, respectively. The three-way valves 148 and 150 are also connected to the sample and hydraulic sides of the sample 126 comprising the upper chamber 72 and the lower chamber all exhaust air, not only from chambers 72, 74, but also from all chambers. connection
    141, 142.
    hydraulic fluid is loaded into the through opening 122 from the hydraulic pump
    120 through the high pressure pipe transfer line
    141 until the hydraulic sides of the chambers
    72, filled with hydraulic fluid.
    The cell body 52 is then heated to the reservoir temperature or other desired temperature by the thermal management system 128. In addition, the transfer line 142 can be traced by heat to prevent any cooling that could cause abandonment of heavy-ended fluid components or the formation of wax during the transfer of the fluid sample from the cylinder 138 to the sample chamber 126. This ensures that a representative sample is transferred. A valve 152 (it is assumed that the hydraulic fluid is present at the end of the
    bomb) is closed and a valve 154 is open, such how illustrated.Once the pistons of system 68, 70 They are
    p o s i c i n a d o s, such how described above, the system was evacuated from air and The temperature was stabilized, The transfer Sample is completed fur displacement in
    a fluid sample from the sample cylinder 138 using a pump 156 (or pump 120 can be configured to perform this function as well) and the flow can be conducted through one or more valves 158 before reaching the three-way valve 148. The fluid sample is further moved through the high temperature corrosion resistant transfer line 142 in the sample chamber 126. Valve 152 is opened and the three-way valves 148, 150 are positioned properly. Linear encoder 114 can be zeroed or the current reading can be used as a reference. It is assumed that the dead volumes of the system due to the transfer lines, valves and accessories were taken into account in the calibration procedure.
    The transfer occurs as close to the isobaric conditions as possible. Initially, due to the aforementioned dead volumes and the minimum volume of the sample chamber 126 in the cell body 52, the sample starts to flash, that is, it will stop being monophasic and homogeneous to become a non-homogeneous multiphase fluid. Thus, by minimizing the dead volume and volume of the sample chamber 126, this undesirable effect is kept to a minimum - the lower the volume, the faster the pressure recovery. The ultrasonic stirrer 66 can be started to recombine the fluid from a homogeneous single phase fluid at this early stage of the loading process. Once the fluid is single-phase and homogeneous, and pressure recovery and transfer near isobaric are complete, the ultrasonic stirrer 66 is run, according to a predefined duty cycle, throughout the transfer to ensure homogeneity. The amount of sample loaded will depend on the type of fluid (ranging from natural gas fluids to heavy oils) and experimental parameters, such as the final pressure of the CCE. The volume loaded in the sample chamber 126 is recorded by the change in the displacement of the upper piston 68 along the magnetic stripe encoder 118 via the encoder head 114 attached to the extended housing portion 60. The final volume is only read once the system has been stabilized, that is, when the temperature and pressure remain constant and the other sensors have constant values. A calibration factor for the cell geometry is used to convert the linear displacement of the encoder to the volume which is then corrected for the dead volumes of the valve and transfer line fittings. Once completed, valve 154 is closed so that the sample is isolated within the body of cell 52.
    After the sample isolated in the cell body 52 was stabilized, that is, the sample became a homogeneous single-phase mixture at constant temperature and pressure for the conditions to proceed. This starting point is usually in the region
    160 illustrated at well above the saturation pressure site, which is called the single phase region.
    Before starting the test, a plan can be developed to select a predetermined initial temperature and pressure from the reservoir. Also predetermined number to be changed over the preliminary available da da such as pressure and temperature from pre-planning, a pressure step 162 as isotherm experiment advances) is selected from the start
    164 and an estimate may be from EOS predictions based on experimental data from PVT.
    below, 170, single-stage snapshots and / or
    In each pressure stage above, (total volume and density and pressure well region 160, finer to others
    160, and saturation point (166 or 168), viscosity phase volumes can be above the pressure are generally to be used in and then a phase interval, 170. An interval plus saturation volume, around the pressure ie , in a fine saturation interval can be used throughout the experiment, if desired.
    saturation, the system can be constant pressure to allow
    Around the pressure maintained for a period of time sufficient for the liquid and gaseous phases to balance. This prevents false detection of the saturation pressure due to the formation of metastable states. The stirring system 66 can be left for certain measurements such as saturation pressure, but turned off for volume and density / viscosity measurements. Saturation pressure 166, 168 is an important measure and the test can be performed initially with coarse pressure step intervals, and once an estimate of saturation pressure is obtained, pressure intervals can be made thinner to increase the accuracy of this measurement. A preliminary run is usually done with the pre-planned steps. Once a rough estimate of the saturation pressure is obtained, the fluid is recombined back to a homogeneous single-phase mixture and the pressure steps around the estimated saturation pressure can be made finer, if necessary for re- execution. This pressurization and depressurization around the saturation pressure 166, 168 can be repeated several times.
    The cell body 52 is held in place and the upper piston 68 is used to control the fluid pressure, as previously described. The upper piston 68, starting from its starting pressure (the equipment is assumed to be at the starting temperature) isothermally expands the fluid. The ultrasonic stirrer 66, during expansion, is operated in such a way as not to heat the liquid contained in the sample chamber
    126, for example, operated in preset pressure steps mode, the upper piston 68 is stopped and the fluid sample in the sample chamber 126 is allowed to stabilize before any measurements are made, that is, they go to a constant pressure and temperature (a The temperature of the fluid sample may vary slightly due to expansion, so a small amount of time is required to restore the temperature balance - a constant volume indicates stability).
    Certain single-phase measurements, in the 160 region, can be made as a function of pressure and temperature for the various single-phase pressure steps and include: total volume (compressibility measure), single-phase density, and single-phase viscosity. The first measurement is made in the starting conditions with the subsequent measurements made in the predefined steps. Because the fluid is single-phase and homogeneous, there is no need to move the optical sensor 78 and the density-viscosity sensors 80 connected to the cell body 52. The ultrasonic transducer 66 is operated, according to a predefined duty cycle, to ensure homogeneity. Cell body 52 can be moved to position optical sensors 78 and density-viscosity sensor 80, both attached to cell body 52, in a different position in the fluid sample to make additional measurements at different locations in the fluid to confirm the homogeneity. The upper piston 68 can be moved during the process, if necessary. In the illustrated example, the upper piston 68 is automatically controlled by the control system 134 to ensure that the sample is maintained in isobaric conditions or close to isobaric conditions. Measurements are made only once the fluid has been stabilized. The upper piston 68 controls the fluid pressure and the cell body 52 controls the position of the sensors 78, 80 in relation to the fluid sample contained in the sample chamber 126. The movement of the cell body 52 has been described previously, and the volume single-phase can be measured using linear encoder 114. Optical sensor 78 can be used in this phase to verify that the sample is single-phase and homogeneous.
    The expansion of the fluid continues until the saturation point in the phase envelope is reached, and a bubbling point or dew point measurement is made depending on the type of fluid. The saturation point is detected by the optical sensor 78, which uses spectroscopic techniques to monitor changes in fluid properties, such as optical density. According to one embodiment, the optical sensor 78 comprises two sapphire spheres of small diameter placed directly opposite (mirror image) to each other along the narrow flow path 76 to serve as lenses mounted on the narrow flow path 76. The narrow flow path 76 also functions as the optical path provides the means, through its small size, to measure completely through dark opaque hydrocarbons.
    Small diameter sapphire sphere lenses are easy to seal and provide very good high pressure resistance compared to flat windows. The double set of lenses relays a small point of light to a small detector or optical fiber (less than 300 microns in diameter). The lenses function to provide a collimated light path in the interrogation volume and, by focusing the output light on a small fiber or detector, considerably increase the detection of bubble, dew and gas-liquid interface. Through custom accessories, two fiber optic cables are connected via a light source and spectrometer or similar device. The sensor is directly incorporated in the device and therefore reduces the dead volume facilitates in-situ measurements of the saturation pressure.
    spectrum is recorded during testing.
    spectral optical density changes as a function of pressure, at a given temperature, and there is no change in optical density as the fluid is expanded.
    At the saturation point, a notable step change in the example, microbubbles / microgroots are formed in the fluid, and indicate the start of the bubbling / dew point. Because optical density and spectra are made through transmission, non-detection of the sensor surface does not require the drop to be deposited on the lenses, but it can occur anywhere in the interrogation volume.
    This change of the sensitive step in the optical density is correlated with the saturation pressure (indicated by the knee point in Figure 7) together with the pressure sensor 64 and the volume measurement obtained from the linear encoder 114 (this allows the calculation of a pressure versus volume curve in oils of lower gas-oil ratio (in the acronym in English for gas-oil ratio, GOR) through the system software using the data and signal flow of Figure 14). For the preliminary bubbling point estimate, the modular sensor assembly 50 can be depressurized continuously at a predetermined rate to arrive at a rough estimate.
    As mentioned earlier, the fluid can be recombined by the ultrasonic stirrer 66 and by the pressure rising above the saturation pressure. The test pressure steps can be refined to decrease saturation pressure uncertainty or to confirm saturation pressure.
    Below the saturation point must be made as a function of pressure and temperature and include; total volume volume of the phase (liquid and gas phases), density of the liquid phase, viscosity of the liquid phase, density of the gas phase and viscosity of the gas phase.
    Volume measurements, on saturation volumes and liquid phase, can be used to determine quality lines
    172 of the phase envelope to fully characterize the behavior of the reservoir's fluid phase can be performed according to temperature. The with a predetermined cycle, as described in the equilibrium process.
    In this modality, the sensor to the gas-liquid interface, as before, optical as an agitator 66 working to accelerate the also detected illustrated by the gas-liquid of a fluid, and the Figure the spectral response using the showing the detection of an interface interface minimizes application and example, the
    Publication graphically illustrates gas-liquid of a liquid-air hydrocarbon). The optical sensor of the dead volume and body geometry of the encoder li is customized for this one in cell 52. The title can be described in na
    Patent application to know the total volume
    North-American
    Sample US (from the phase interface volumes of the gas and liquid phases, respectively, can be measured, in the graphically set graphs as shown in the Figure, the modular sensor curve indicated by and Volume figure
    0 in the examples
    11. (Figure relative to comparison provided illustrates by the data generated with that generated by a standard PVT cell and Figure 11 graphically illustrates the liquid volume curve generated by the phase sensor volume / saturation set compared to the data generated by a standard PVT cell.) Due to the detection of infrared spectroscopy near the meniscus (where the oil has a low optical density), the upper and lower meniscus can be easily detected even in very dark opaque hydrocarbons. The spectroscopic detection of two or more wavelengths allows the determination of regions of pure gas and pure hydrocarbon, as well as the discrimination of oil menisci from water.
    Phase densities and viscosities provide additional data that can be used to improve the results of sample tests. The present invention provides the ability to measure the density of the liquid phase (and densities of the gas phase), without the need to transfer to another measuring device, either internal or external. When incorporating the micro viscosity density sensor 80 in the device (in the narrow flow path
    76) is in contact with the fluid sample in the sample chamber 126. By moving the cell body 52, to which the sensor is connected, measurements of phase densities and viscosities are achieved.
    Once the location of the gas-liquid interface is known, the combination with the knowledge of the relative distance between the optical sensor 78 and the density-risk sensor 80, the density and viscosity of the liquid phase can be measured. This measurement is made by moving the cell body 52, as previously described.
    As an example, the density density sensor 80 can be a sensor mounted on a selected level and customized for a specific application and cell geometry of the cell body 52. This sensor can be a modified version of the one described in the North Patent Application Publications -American US 2008/0156093 and 2008/0257036. The density-viscosity sensor 80 located in the narrow flow path 76 is in direct contact with the fluid sample in the sample chamber 126 and protected from damage to the upper and lower pistons 68 and 70. The viscosity of the gas is normally calculated and the Gas density is usually measured gravimetrically, which requires sampling which can result in experimental errors. As shown in the other modality described below, these gas phase measurements can be measured directly, without the need for sampling.
    The ultrasonic transducer 66 and / or the cell body 52 can be designed to avoid strange resonant modes with a customized power supply to maximize the transfer of acoustic energy to the fluid, with different cell geometries due to the movement of the piston and / or the body of the cell. In the illustrated embodiment, the ultrasonic transducer 66 is designed with sufficient bandwidth to allow frequency modulation, or stationary.
    optimized so it will therefore
    The body geometry of ensuring the transfer from ultrasonic transducers to avoid 52 cell waves can be of maximum energy to
    66. The ultrasonic transducer 66 can also be optimized for the type of fluid under study due to the effect of the ultrasonic 66 cell body and for the projected pressure degradation of due performance and temperature. The transducer to minimize coupling to the
    52. The frequency of ultrasonic transducer can be optimized cavitation as well as ultrasonic 66 and can be a unique one to obtain the benefits of both acoustic discharge.
    your resonator / probe integrated design or being moved away from the probe / resonator body through a last transducer corresponding to the cell 52 and coupled to the waveguide, although the configuration increases the overall length. Addition or resonator / probe geometry can from cell body 52
    In this example, the test will be
    We can have a flat type, like the last two cases, to be complementary.
    is performed to complete, at a predetermined stop pressure or by maximizing the expansion volume available in the sample chamber 126.
    The modular sensor set 50 has the ability to heat and cool, so the fluid can be recombined and the experiment can be repeated at different temperatures, as indicated by the different temperatures 174 and 176 shown in the temperature-pressure graph in Figure 12. This will generate additional CCE data that includes additional density and viscosity data, in combination with the Single Instant Stage and Composition data (see Figure 13), which is very beneficial for developing the state model equation (EOS) for represent the reservoir fluid throughout the production cycle. The data is used to improve the fit of the EOS model and can reduce the need to perform other PVT experiments, such as Differential Release (DL), Constant Volume Depletion (DCV) and Separator Tests (ST). Reducing the number of tests reduces the turnaround time for a standard PVT study and also consumes less sample volume, which is advantageous from an operational point of view. In addition, Separator Tests, CVD and DL are known to be error prone. Density and viscosity are generally measured by separate specialized devices, such as a vibration tube device (density) and a body drop device (viscosity).
    In a DL and / or ST study, the density of the coexisting liquid phase (liquid phase below saturation pressure) is normally a calculated property (based on the mass balance), and is not a measured property.
    The viscosity of the coexisting liquid phases is often measured in a separate experiment, with a separate charge from the fluid. The DL and / or ST study is replicated, and then the liquid is loaded on the viscometer. This process closely replicates the DL study, but the resulting liquid phases may not be identical to the study
    Original DL due to inherent procedural errors involved in the process. Direct measurement of liquid phases in situ would deliver a more representative density and viscosity value of the coexisting liquid phase and would be less error prone, due to being a direct measurement, rather than a separate measurement or a calculated value. Normally, the viscosity and density of one of the coexisting phases produced during a condensed PVT study are not measured. The density in a CVD test, similar to DL and ST, is determined mathematically. The acquisition of these direct measurements from a condensed system is new and improves the data set used in the EOS modeling of these systems.
    The modular sensor assembly 50 can be operated in a variety of ways. For example, it can be operated in manual, semi-automatic mode (limited to operator intervention), or in fully automatic mode (without operator intervention, once loaded with the sample). The basic operation does not vary for each of these modes.
    There are also several methods that can be used to make certain measurements. These can generally be divided into two categories: a continuous method or a step method. In the continuous method, the system is depressurized very slowly and the sensors are programmed to make continuous measurements during depressurization. Measurements such as saturation pressure, single phase densities, and single phase viscosities can be made. The single-phase volume can be difficult to measure in this case. Although possible, the continuous method presents a series of challenges, such as ensuring fluid balance, ultrasonic transducer and agitation noise, and sensor acquisition rates. In some applications, this method may not be well suited for measurements of such phase volumes, phase densities and phase viscosities.
    A method that works well is the step-by-step method, as it overcomes the challenges of the continuous method and is considered to be more robust for obtaining accurate measurements. In the step method, the modular sensor set 50 makes important measurements at discrete moments / steps (usually the pressure steps of interest) during the experiment where the noise effects of the ultrasonic transducer 66 can be eliminated by turning it off once the fluid balance is achieved. Although sensors 64, 78 and 80 may be acquiring data continuously, the data needed for phase balance calculations are extracted and averaged only in the discrete steps of interest. It is possible to operate the modular sensor assembly 50 in both modes, depending on the final objective. For example, with less accurate measurements, the device can be operated using continuous mode to obtain preliminary estimates, for example, in determining saturation pressure. The modular sensor set 50 and test procedure can then be transferred to step mode to make phase measurements accurate. For some measurements, for example, saturation pressure measurements, the noise effects of the ultrasonic transducer 66 can be compensated.
    The modular sensor assembly 50 can be operated initially according to the continuous method to obtain an estimate of the saturation pressure. It can then be operated using the step method with finer steps around the saturation pressure. Alternatively, the
    set of sen sor modular 50 can be operated in mode per step and once what the pressure of saturation is determined the liquids can to be recombined and the steps refined in around the Score in saturation. Effectively, the set of
    modular sensor 50 can be operated using a plurality of methods for making measurements. The following detailed discussion illustrates just one possible method to help convey an understanding of the general functioning of the modular sensor assembly 50 and general sensor system 136.
    Referring to Figure 13, a generalized workflow and system description are provided with respect to the use of the modular sensor assembly 50 and general sensor system 136. As an example, fluid samples can be purchased from from a downhole location 178, for example, from a sampling tool, or from a surface location 180, for example, from a surface separator.
    In this example, well-bottom or surface samples can be controlled by a transfer validation module 182, for example, sample bottle, at each transfer in the process and, in addition, samples can also be checked before loading the sample in the PVT 184 modules. A high pressure filter unit 186 can be placed before or after the transfer validation module 182. Alternatively, or in addition, the sample can be transferred to a sample bottle 188 (in the case of separator samples) after separating the liquid and gas in a separator device 190.
    In this example, the gas samples and liquid samples, separated by the separation device 190 are recombined to a homogeneous single-phase composition with a 192 recombination module. Any sample bottle can be restored to the pressure and temperature in the bottom reservoir well or any other condition of a 194 restoration module. Recombinant fluids require reconstitution and a validation check of the composition through a subsample sent to an inflammation module
    196 and a 197 composition module
    Restored precipitation checks for solid wax contamination and recombination
    screening additional about samples ias are carried out per beginning of (198) and to content of water, (e.g. sand) and start of
    in all cases, asphalt precipitation and quality control checks are carried out by quality control modules (for quality control, QC) 200 and 202, respectively. An important objective for modules 200 and 202 is to ensure that the sample is acceptable for PVT or sample validation analysis and to detect any problems that may affect the sensors in the modular sensor assembly
    50, thus improving the quality of the analysis. When multiple temperature passages are planned in the modular sensor assembly 50, the QC modules 200, 202 can be used to plan the experiment to avoid the wax and / or asphaltene locations 204, 206, respectively (see Figure 12), or to confirm any anomaly in the experimental data points, for example, deposition of wax and / or asphaltene in the sensors, which can affect the readings if these locations are crossed (wax precipitation in regions 208 and asphaltene precipitation in region 210 of Figure 12). In addition, the QC 200 and 202 modules can provide additional data to estimate the asphaltene and wax 204, 206 sites and to determine the coprecipitation region (region 212 in Figure 12) of the fluid to be studied. Optical sensors 78 can also be modified to perform these types of detection on sensor assembly 50 to, for example, provide information on precipitation of live wax.
    Wax confirmation (see screening check (see sand screening check (see (see screening check result in the associated action represented by action blocks 222, 224, asphaltene precipitation and wax can affect the sensor readings on the sensor assembly modular 50 depending on severity.
    In addition, the modular sensor assembly 50 can be configured especially for the type of fluid to be studied. Sensor customizations are based on fluid types handled by various PVT 184 modules if a PVT ostite should be performed, as represented by the 230 screening check, on fluid samples, including volatile oils, condensates, black oils, and oils heavy. Customizations can be made to the sensors, such as the density-viscosity 80 sensor. The density and viscosity range is very wide between gas and oil condensates. To improve the accuracy of density and viscosity measurements, for example, the density-viscosity sensor 80 can be customized to the specific range for the type of fluid. For example, customization can be carried out on a particular test of the sample by condensates in the gaseous state requires a higher sensitivity version of the density-viscosity sensor 80 and heavy oils require a version with greater rigidity. Additional customization can be done for the cell body 52 and / or the piston geometry of the pistons 68, 70 to make the modular sensor assembly 50 more suitable for measuring very low volumes of liquid (liquid abandonment) of condensate of gas using the industry standard technique of using conical pistons with complementary cell geometry.
    The ignition module 196 and the composition module 197 can be used to determine some of the necessary measurements in addition to those of the modular sensor assembly 50 to complete a typical PVT study. For example, the ignition module 196 can provide gas and liquid samples for composition analysis by the composition module 197. Regardless, the modular sensor assembly 50 and its integrated sensors facilitate the taking of the desired measures without intervention operator. The automation of operator-dependent operations reduces experimental variability, thereby improving the repeatability and reproducibility of experiments.
    As discussed above, the modular sensor assembly 50 and other components of the general sensor system 136 can be controlled automatically via control system 134. With reference generally to Figure 14, a modality of control system 134 is illustrated in a way which shows the general data and the signal flow for the control of the sample test procedures.
    In this example, the modular sensor set 50 has a local sensor and driver network 232 that transmits the data and control signals, represented by arrows 234, 236,
    238, 240, by means of data acquisition and control firmware 242. The data and control signals are also transmitted to a processor system 244, for example, a microcomputer, as represented by the arrow 246. The processor system 244 can also be used to record data transmitted on some type of storage media 248 and to perform other tasks. For example, processor system 244 can be used to display data to monitoring devices and to send data for online processing and quality control (time series analysis, threshold monitoring), as represented by block 250. In addition In addition, the processor system 244 can be used to send data to a microprocessor-based command and control system 252 which then sends correction signals to the drivers (see arrow 238) to maintain experimental conditions or to manipulate the device either in manual, semi-automatic or automatic mode. The data can also be sent to an offline processing module 254 for post-acquisition quality control and for further processing of experimental data.
    The modular sensor assembly design 50 and associated components allows for easy modification and adjustment of components and configuration to readily facilitate testing other fluids according to alternative testing procedures. In addition, modularity of the modular sensor assembly 50 allows removal, addition, and exchange of components to facilitate different sampling and testing procedures.
    Various alternative modalities modifications of the modular sensor assembly 50 and general sensor system 136 are discussed below.
    For example, the modular sensor assembly 50 can be modified with an additional 256 density-viscosity sensor, as illustrated in Figure 15. The additional density-viscosity sensor
    256 may comprise a resonator specially designed to measure gas densities. In addition to knowing the total mass and / or total volume, together with the density of the liquid and a gas density of a precision interface of the sample, for example, it is possible to calculate the gas-liquid position, the error being dependent on sensors.
    sensors can be provided to prevent surface retention.
    da da
    In some applications, the sensors, with special coatings any phase on the
    256, for your
    In another modality, the can be modified with the high pressure, high temperature together with valves of the modular sampling sensor (in English for high pressure, high temperature, HPHT) illustrated in Figure 16. By sampling 258 can be of the laboratory type CENERG- Ecole's TEP
    Paris Mines (ENSMP) configuration allows for gas. An
    For example, patent withdrawal valves
    ROLSI, developed by
    Nationale Superieure des
    North American US under the direct injection brand
    Value. It is in advantage chromatograph of these valves, as indicated in the total is small, so that improving it in comparison with it does not disturb the volume balance is that
    The sample gives sample gives cell,
    experimental efficiency and allowing composition measurements to be made at a pressure and temperature that provides more data than a regular CCE, that is, the equivalent of a VLE (Vapor Liquid Equilibrium study) . Ά sampling can be done manually, but the HPHT valves allow the process to be automated. The sampling of these valves can be optimized for the pressure operating range,
    temperatures, and viscosities of the sensor assembly modular 50. For condensed skinny, the set of sensor modular 50 Can be configured with one valve automated 260 for allow the accumulation of liquid
    described later see Figure 17)
    At a temperature of interest the sample feed) is loaded into the body
    cell 52 and then inflamed for pressure in interest. The vapor phase and the phase resulting net are left to balance and : then The steam phase is pushed isobarically from set of modular sensor 50
    through a line 262. Once the entire vapor phase has been expelled from the body of cell 52, additional feed is added to the cell under feeding conditions, and then the mixture is left to equilibrate in the conditions of ignition. After equilibration, the steam is isobarically pushed from the PVT cell. The process is repeated until a sufficient amount of liquid has been increased. Additional optical sensors 78 can be configured in the modular sensor set 50 or repositioned, if necessary, to increase the accuracy of this process. In this embodiment, an engagement line 264 can be used to connect valve 260 with a stepper motor 266. In this mode, stepper motor 266 is controlled, for example, automatically controlled, through control system 134.
    A variety of different detection principles can employ different types of sensors, such as acoustic sensors, capacitance sensors, nuclear density sensors, X-ray sensors, etc., instead of optical and / or density-viscosity sensors 78 , 80 to make the same measurements. In addition, the modalities can be modified to make the device easier to operate or more customizable by, for example, allowing the sensors to be optimized for specific intervals, if necessary.
    Other alternative modalities and modifications can be made with respect to the modular sensor set 50. Many of these modalities may be similar to the modalities discussed above, but with some minor modifications to facilitate the collection of samples and analysis of specific fluids in specific environments. For example, Figures 18 and 19 illustrate an improved constant composition expansion condensate design (enhanced constant composition expansion, ECCE) having a unique density-viscosity sensor, for example, sensor 80. In this example, all test functions, including loading the cell body 52, pressurizing the fluid sample, changing the temperature of the fluid sample, stirring the fluid sample, and using the various sensors, can be fully automated, under the control of the processor based on control system 134. In another similar embodiment illustrated in Figure 20, an ECCE condensate embodiment is illustrated as having two density-viscosity sensors, for example, sensors 80 and 256.
    The modular sensor assembly 50 can also include various types of sampling chamber cylinders and different numbers of movable pistons. In Figures 21 and 22, for example, a modality is illustrated as a double cylinder ECCE design with the density-viscosity sensor
    only 80. In this project, the pistons 68, 70 are, each one mobile for adjust the sample of fluid. Another modality is illustrated in Figures 23 and 24, which uses the sensor in density- viscosity 80, in combination with a sensor in
    wire vibration viscosity 268.
    Other modalities of the modular sensor assembly 50 may incorporate alternative or additional sensors. For example, Figures 25 and 26 illustrate an ECCE double cylinder modality with additional 270 sensors, such as electromagnetic viscometer sensors (for Electromagnetic Viscometer, EMV) and / or vibration tube densitometer sensors (for acronym) in English for vibrating tube densitometer, VTD). Another modality of the modular sensor assembly 50 is illustrated in Figures 27 and
    28, which shows a double cylinder ECCE design with sensor
    272, which may comprise valves
    ROLSI as previously discussed.
    In Figures and 30, another embodiment is illustrated in which the sample chamber 126 is designed as a single cylinder having double pistons, for example, pistons
    68, 70,
    They cooperate with a single viscosity sensor 80. A related modality comprises the single cylinder / double piston design, but with two density-viscosity sensors, for example, sensors and 256.
    Figures 15 to 30 provide only a few examples of alternative modalities and modifications that can be made to the modalities to facilitate testing the sample with a modular system, as described above.
    Other configurations of the cell body 52 can be used, and a variety of sensors and other components can be removed, added or replaced, as desired for a given application.
    Therefore, although only a few embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail above, those skilled in the art will readily recognize that many modifications are possible without materially departing from the teachings of this invention.
    权利要求:
    Claims (21)
    [1]
    - CLAIMS -
    1. APPLIANCE TO MEASURE THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF RESERVOIR FLUIDS, characterized by the fact that it comprises:
    a modular sensor assembly comprising a cell body having a sample chamber for receiving a co-existing single-phase sample or two-phase fluid and a density-viscosity sensor located in-situ to measure the density and viscosity of the sample in the sample as a function of pressure and temperature.
    [2]
    2. Apparatus according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that the modular sensor assembly further comprises an optical sensor positioned to measure sample parameters while in the sample chamber using optical spectroscopy and dispersion techniques.
    [3]
    Apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that the modular sensor assembly further comprises a movable piston to adjust the pressure in the sample chamber.
    [4]
    4. Apparatus according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that the modular sensor assembly further comprises a thermal management system for controlling the temperature in the sample chamber.
    [5]
    5. Apparatus according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that the modular sensor assembly further comprises a pressure and temperature sensor.
    [6]
    6. Apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that the modular sensor assembly further comprises a stirring mechanism for stirring the sample in the sample chamber.
    [7]
    7. Apparatus according to claim 6, characterized by the fact that the stirring mechanism comprises an ultrasonic transducer.
    [8]
    8. Apparatus according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that the modular sensor assembly further comprises an automatic control to control the introduction of the sample into the sample chamber and to control the analysis of the sample through the density-risk sensor.
    [9]
    9. Apparatus according to claim 2, characterized by the fact that the sample parameters measured by the optical sensor include measurements of bubbling point, dew point, and gas-liquid.
    [10]
    10. Apparatus according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that the cell body geometry is adjustable for different configurations to facilitate the study of different types of fluids.
    [11]
    11. Apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that the sensors of a plurality of different sensors are interchangeable in the modular sensor assembly.
    [12]
    12. METHOD FOR MEASURING THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF RESERVOIR FLUIDS, characterized by the fact of understanding:
    assemble a modular sensor assembly to evaluate a sample of a hydrocarbon-containing fluid;
    loading the sample chamber into a cell body of the modular sensor assembly with the sample;
    adjust the sample temperature and pressure inside the sample chamber; and use a single sensor to determine both the density and viscosity of the sample while in the sample chamber.
    [13]
    13. Method, according to claim 12, further characterized by the fact that it comprises using an optical sensor to measure the parameters of the sample while in the sample chamber.
    [14]
    14. Method according to claim 12, characterized in that it further comprises adjusting the sample pressure in the sample chamber with a piston.
    [15]
    15. Method, according to claim 12, characterized by the fact that it also comprises adjusting the sample temperature in the sample chamber with a thermal management system surrounding the cell body.
    [16]
    16. Method, according to claim 12, characterized by the fact that it also comprises automatically controlling the loading, adjustment and use steps with a processor-based controller.
    [17]
    17. METHOD FOR MEASURING THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF RESERVOIR FLUIDS, characterized by the fact of understanding:
    provide a portable, modular sensor assembly at a well location;
    loading a cell body from the portable, modular sensor assembly with a fluid sample from an underground reservoir;
    pressurize the fluid sample within the cell body by compressing the fluid sample while in the cell body;
    increase the temperature of the fluid sample with a thermal management system positioned as an integral part of the portable, modular sensor assembly;
    shaking the fluid sample while in the cell body to recombine fluid from multiple phases in a single phase; and using sensors exposed to an internal sample chamber of the cell body to measure desired properties of the fluid sample.
    [18]
    18. Method, according to claim 17, characterized by the fact that it also comprises using a processor-based control system to automate the loading, pressurization, agitation and utilization steps.
    [19]
    19. Method, according to claim 17, characterized by the fact that the use of sensors comprises using a single density-risk sensor.
    [20]
    20. Method according to claim 17, characterized by the fact that the use of sensors comprises using a plurality of density-viscosity sensors.
    [21]
    21. Method, according to claim 17, characterized by the fact that the use of sensors comprises using an optical sensor.
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    法律状态:
    2018-12-11| B09A| Decision: intention to grant [chapter 9.1 patent gazette]|
    2019-01-15| B25A| Requested transfer of rights approved|Owner name: SCHLUMBERGER HOLDINGS LIMITED (VG) |
    2019-02-12| B16A| Patent or certificate of addition of invention granted [chapter 16.1 patent gazette]|Free format text: PRAZO DE VALIDADE: 20 (VINTE) ANOS CONTADOS A PARTIR DE 17/05/2011, OBSERVADAS AS CONDICOES LEGAIS. (CO) 20 (VINTE) ANOS CONTADOS A PARTIR DE 17/05/2011, OBSERVADAS AS CONDICOES LEGAIS |
    优先权:
    申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题
    US37716710P| true| 2010-08-26|2010-08-26|
    US61/377,167|2010-08-26|
    PCT/IB2011/052145|WO2012025840A2|2010-08-26|2011-05-17|Apparatus and method for phase equilibrium with in-situ sensing|
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